Epilepsy: Causes, Types, First Aid, and Treatment
Epilepsy (also known as seizure disorder) is a neurological condition resulting from abnormal electrochemical discharges in nerve cells within the brain.
Causes of Epilepsy
Most cases are classified as idiopathic epilepsy, meaning the cause is unknown. However, some cases—especially after age 40—are linked to:
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Brain tumors,
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Stroke,
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Brain hemorrhage,
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Meningitis and encephalitis,
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Severe head trauma,
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High fever,
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Substance abuse,
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Sudden alcohol withdrawal.
Types of Seizures
Epileptic seizures can vary significantly, with over 40 different types identified.
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Generalized seizures include loss of consciousness, falling, convulsions, and muscle stiffness, which typically last a few minutes.
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Mild seizures may involve short-term confusion, staring spells, or slight jerking movements, making them harder to diagnose.
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Psychogenic seizures can be mistaken for psychiatric disorders, leading to incorrect treatments.
First Aid for Seizures
If someone is having a seizure:
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Place the person in a safe position, ensuring they do not hit surrounding objects.
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Support their head to prevent injury.
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Turn them to one side to keep their airway open.
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Do NOT forcefully stop their movements.
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Do NOT give strong smells (onion, alcohol, cologne).
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Loosen tight clothing (e.g., tie, collar).
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If their teeth are clenched, do NOT put your hand in their mouth—use a wooden spoon or gauze to prevent tongue injury.
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After the seizure, allow the person to rest, as they may feel exhausted and disoriented.
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If seizures repeat frequently, call emergency medical services.
Treatment
Epilepsy must be managed by a neurologist.
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Each seizure may cause a loss of brain cells, which is why early treatment is critical.
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About 80% of patients can fully recover within 5–6 years using modern treatment methods.
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Medications are the primary treatment, which reduce excessive neural stimulation to prevent seizures.
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Patients must take their medication daily, at the prescribed dose and time.
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Regular medical check-ups are essential, and changing doctors without necessity should be avoided.
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For drug-resistant cases, surgical treatment options are now available in Turkey.
